Winding for dynamo-electric machines.



B. G LAMME.

WINDING FOR DYNAMO ELECTRIC MACHINES.

AFPLIUATION FILED JAN.26, 1910.

Patented Aug. 19, 1913.

0 o o 0 0 o Y E N R 0 WITNESSES U I ED STATES ELL COPY PATENT I E-f ianmmrir e.' Lamina,v or .LPITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR T wn s'riive- HOUSE, ELECTRIC AND MANUFACTURING- co vrPaNY, A' CORPORATION or PENNSYL- -To aZZwhom itmay concern:

Be itiknown that I, BmIJ-AMIN' G. LAMME, a citizen of the United States, and a resiw-dent of Pittsburgh inthe county-of Allegheny and State of Pennsylvania, have inve nted a -new. and useful Improvement in fVJinding for Dynamo -'Electric Machines,

of which the following is a specification. Myinvention relates to windings for dynamo-electric machines and particularly to armature windings for-machines of the commutator type. t Theobject of my invention is .to provide a plural winding that shall be specially adapted for high-speed-direct current machines and for single-phase alternatingcur: rent machines, and a simple and efiective: :means for maintaining a predetermined po-g 'tential relation between the parts in order thatithe voltagebetween any two adjacentg commutator bars may'b'e relatively low and; equal to the voltage between= any other pair; of adjacent bars withoutintroducingun-de sirable features. lnthe construction of parallel-wound ar-I ymatures for machines of the commutator .;ty pe, the usual' practice is to use one or more i turns-per coil or per armature bar, a single turn per bar being most common. in some eases, the number of commutator bars be- ,tweenadjacent neutral points is very small, 'evenwhen a singleturn per baris employed inthe'winding.

"fln' ordinary direct current machines, this .diiiicu'ltyis usually overcome by increasing crease the 'inductionper pole, and, conse- =quently, at any predetermined speed, the ,numberof conductors between adjacent neutral points and-the number of commutator bars may be increased. "When the number of poles is thus increased, the detrimental eiiect to be expected on account of the deyrease in induction per pole is'compensated r'or by a corresponding diminution of the current to be commutated.

The difficulty referred to above is, however more frequently encountered with direct;;c 1 1rrent turbo generators and other high-speed machines and J in single-phase et red the commutator type where it is not soeasily. oyercome.. It. is impracticable to increase then umber of poles on very high speed macl1ines,. becajuse the frequency of the machine, whichjs equal to the product jthe number of poles which results in adev 'WINIDINGFO'R DYNAMO-ELEGTRIG MACHINES.

of' the speed, in revolutions,'by the number of-poles, becomes very high and the iron loss becomes abnormally great. Furthermore, Wltll-fl'fiXQd angular velocity, if the number of field'poles-is increased either the diameter. of the commutator and'the peripheralspeed of the commutatorymust be-increased or the distance between adjacent neutral points must be reduced.

It is evident'that it will usuallybe ic'ound some other means. This result may be accomplished by using any one of several well-known armature windings, but, in each case, some new difficulty is'encountered or some disadvantage is introduced. For example; ring windlngs could be employed,

sinceone half of every-turn is inactive and, consequently, 1f a commutator bar is provided for each turn, the voltage between bars would be materially reduced, but rin'g windings have notproved satisfactory from the-standpoint of commutation. Two of the usual parallel windings of the drum type may be placed side by side'on the same, ar-

mature'core and connected'to alternate commutator bars, but, when this is done, it is necessary'toprovide some means for main .taining a proper potential relation between the two windings. This has been heretofore accomplished -'by attaching connections or leads'=to one, winding at the commutator end of thewzore member and to corresponding points inthe other winding at the opposite end-ofthe coremembenthese leads passing within the core ring so that they will not cut the field flux when the machine is in operation.

According to still another arrangement,

a single parallel winding is employed with twice as many commutator bars as there are turns, every other bar being connected to intermediatepoints in'the coils by means of leads which are carried from the rear end through the core ring to the commutator bars. By'this'means, there is only one-half turn between adjacent commutator bars, and, consequently, the voltage between the bars is halved. It-is frequently very undesirable, however, to carry leads or connections of any kind through the armature core ring, especially in high-speed machines where the conductors on the moving parts Specification of Letters Patent. PatentedA' o-j 19 .1913 Apfpficationfiled January 26, 13910. Serial'N0.-540,190.' I

there is considerable voltage generated in eachturn of the armature winding by reason of transformer action alone. This voltage is maximum when the armature is at a standstill, and in the turns which entirely surround the magnetic field. Unfortunately,

one or more of these turns is short-circuited by the brushes, and, in order to reduce the currents which are induced in these shortcircuited turns, it is usual to introduce resistance between the armature turns and the commutator bars. The resistance of the brushes also aids in suppressing these currents. Even when resistance leads are employed, the permissible induction per pole is limited to apredetermined value, and, consequently, in order to obtain a desired torque, either the current or the number of armature conductors, or both, must be adjusted accordingly. The number ofarmature conductors is usually limited for mechanical reasons, and, therefore, an increased current is usually necessary. For low speed motors of'large capacity the current may be so large that the number of poles must be made relatively large in order to keep the current per brush within reasonable limits, but the size of the motor will usually be limited on account of the space which it is .to occupy, and, consequently, there is a limit to the number of poles which are commercially practicable. In small motors for low frequencies, the above-mentioned conditions may be met without difiiculty, but, in motors of very large capacities, it is not unusual to find cases where, even with low frequencies, it is still difficult to obtain the desired output without obtaining an abnormally high induction per pole and excessive short-circuit voltage which limits the design in the same way that the voltage between bars limits the design of high-speed direct current machines. 7

His evident that, if the objectionto the half-turn arrangement above referred ,to,

- viz., the passing of leads or connectors commutator bars, the induction per pole can through the core ring can be avoided, the design of single phase commutator type machinesmay be greatly facilitated, since, with only one active conductor between adjacent be doubled without increasing the short-circuit voltage which would otherwise be obtained. If it is not desirable or necessary to increase the induction per pole, the v0lt-- age between bars may beso far reduced as to render the use of resistanceleads unnecessary.

According to my present invention, I provide means for maintaining a predetermined voltage-relation between the parts ofaPlural winding Without the use of connections through the armature core and wh ch permits not only the use of two commutator bars per turn, but of three or more commutator bars per turn, as desired.

Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings is a diagrammatic development of an armature winding embodying my invention. Fig. 2 is a longitudinal section of an armature equipped with the winding of Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2 of an armature having high-resistance leads between the winding and the commutator bars, and Fig. .4 is a diagrammatic view, corresponding to Fig. 1, in which three commutator bar per turn are provided.

Referring to Fig. 1 of the drawings, two parallel. windings a and b are interlaced mechanically so that they are connected to alternate commutator bars oand d. For the sake of clearness, the coils of winding a are equi-potential points 6, f and g are respec-' tively connected to conductors h, '11 and j, and equi-potential points k, l and m are connected to conductors n, 0 and The two windings a and b are so spaced and located that the voltage between any two adjacent bars 0 and d is equal to the voltage between any other two adjacent bars. It is well known, however, that there are many factors which tend to disturb the relation between them and, consequently, I have provided transformers 1 and 2 in order that the proper voltage relations may be maintained in operation.

The terminals of the transformer 1 are connected, respectively, to the conductors n and 0 and its middle point is connected to the conductor h. The transformer 2 is similarly connected across the conductors i and j and its middle point is connected to the conductor p. The joint capacity of the transformers is small relative to the capacity of the armature, and it is evident that a single transformer may be utilized or that several may be used, according to the requirements of any given case. It will be observed that the middle point of the transformer 1 is connected, through conductor h I and one side of the coil 3 of the windings a, to the commutator bar 4 of the group a. One terminal of the transformer is connected, through conductor a and one side of a coil 5 of the winding 79, to commutator bar 6, and the other terminal of the transformer is connected, through conductor 0 and one side of the coil 7, to commutator bar 8. The commutator bars, 6, 4 and ,8 are consecutive, the bar 4 being between the bars 6 and 8, and since each of the bars is separated from the point "ofsconnection to the transformer bya half turn,'the voltage ratio between two halves of the transformer winding will correspond to the voltage ratio between the bars, consequently, by tapping the transformer winding at its middle point, thedesired voltage relation between adjacent bars is maintained. Alternating current electromotive forces are, of course, generated in the armature windings and a difference of potential exists between any two of the conductors which connect equipotential points in the windings, consequently if a transformer is connected between any two of these conductors, it will be charged and the potential of all points in the transformer winding will be fixed. Hence, by connecting the transformer as hereinbefore pointed out and connecting the transformer tap to a conductor normally having the same potential, the proper voltage relation between windings and between adjacent commutator bars is maintained.

In Fig. 2 of the drawings, a laminated core member 9 and a commutator 10 are supported in the usual manner upon the spider 11, the core member being provided with slots in which the armature conductors 12 are disposed. The cross connecting conductors n, 0, p and h, i, j of Fig. 1 are represented in Fig. 2 at 13 and 14, and the transformer 1 is here shown as having a core member 15 and a winding 16 and as supported by the spider 11. It is evident that the transformer or transformers may be of any suitable structure and may be supported by the armature in any manner which is suited to the structural design of the ar mature. The cross connections 13 and 14 and the transformers will, of course, be located close together at the rear end of the armature in order to make the connections and leads as short as possible.

In Fig. 3, the structure illustrated is similar to that of Fig. 2 except that resistance connections 17 are introduced between the rear end of the armature coils and the commutator bars and are disposed in the bottoms of the core slots. It is evident that the method of maintaining the desired Voltage relation between adjacent commutator bars illustrated in Fig. 1 is specially adapted to single-phase alternating current machines in which it is desirable to utilize high-resistance connections between the armature winding and the commutator bars.

In Fig. 4, three windings m, y and 2 are shown diagrammatically instead of two, as in Fig. 1. In this case, the terminals of a transformer 18 are connected to the rear ends of coils 19 and 20 of the winding y and intermediate taps 21 and 22 of the trans former are respectively connected to the rear ends of the coils 23 and 24 of the windings z and m. It is obvious that the same arrangement may be applied to any number of windings so that'the number of bars may be made practically independent of the characteristics of the machine, which have usually controlled-it. i j

. While I have pointed out that my invention is specially adapted for use withcertain 'classes of jd-ynamo electric machines,

such as single-phase alternating current machines -of the commutator type and highspeed direct current machines, it may be applied to other-types of machines for the pur- ',-pose-of overcoming the difficulties to which reference has been made and for other purposes within the spirit and scope of my invention.

I claim as my 1nvent1on:

1. A dynamo-electric machtn e comp rising an armature winding, cross connections joining equi-potential points thereof, and independent inductive means for maintaining a predetermined voltage relation. between cross connections.

2. A dynamo-electric machine comprising an armature Winding having a plurality of similar winding sections and independent inductive means for maintaining a predetermined voltage relation between said winding sections.

3. A dynamo-electric machine comprising an armature core member, a commutator, a plurality of interlaced armature windings alternately connected to successive commutator bars, groups of cross connections between equi-potential points in the respective windings, and means for maintaining a predetermined potential relation between groups of cross-connections of unlike potential.

4. A dynamo-electric machine comprising an armature core member, a commutator, a plurality of interlaced armature windings alternately connected to successive commutator bars, groups of cross connections between equi-potential points in the respective windings, and a transformer having a winding connected to the groups of cross connections for maintaining a predetermined voltage relation between them.

5. An armature for dynamo-electric machines comprising a core member, a commutator, a plurality of similar windings mechanically interlaced and alternately connected to successive commutator bars, and inductive means independent of the armature core member for maintaining a predetermined voltage relation between adjacent commutator bars.

6. A member for dynamo-electric machines comprising a magnetizable core member, a commutator, a plurality of windings associated with the core member and respectively connected to an independent sev termined voltage relation between adjacent commutator commutator bars inprogression and trans formers having windings interconnecting the armature windings for maintaining a predetermined voltage relation between ad- 10 jacent commutator bars.

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto subscribed my name this 19th day of Jan.,

copies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. G. 

